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Introduction to Sultaal
Sultaal, also known as Sooltaal or Sulfak, is a majestic 10-beat rhythmic cycle in Hindustani classical music. It originates from the Pakhawaj tradition and is prominently featured in the Dhrupad genre. Its powerful and dignified gait makes it a favorite for both vocal and instrumental performances.
Watch a Live Demonstration of Sultaal
The Structure and Characteristics of Sultaal
Sultaal consists of 10 beats (matras) uniquely divided into five vibhags (divisions) of two beats each. This symmetrical 2|2|2|2|2 structure is a defining feature. The taal has two Khali (empty) beats, which creates a distinctive rhythmic character.
| Beats (Matra) | 10 |
|---|---|
| Divisions (Vibhag) | 5 (with a pattern of 2|2|2|2|2) |
| Clap (Taali) | 3 (On 1st, 5th, and 7th beats) |
| Wave (Khali) | 2 (On 3rd and 9th beats) |
| First Beat (Sam) | On 1st beat, marked with 'x' |
| Common Tempo (Laya) | Medium (Madhya) |
Theka Notation for Sultaal
The Theka (basic rhythmic pattern) for Sultaal is presented below in a single, continuous table.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dha | Dha | Din | Ta | Kite | Dha | Tite | Kaka | Gadi | Gene |
| X (Sam) | 0 (Wave) | 2nd Clap | 3rd Clap | 0 (Wave) | |||||
Understanding the Taal Signs
The standard notation symbols guide musicians in understanding the taal's structure:
- Sam (x): The first and most emphasized beat, marked with a cross.
- Khali (0): A wave of the hand, representing an unstressed beat, marked with a zero.
- Taali (2, 3...): Claps that mark the other stressed beats. The numbers indicate the second, third, etc., clap.
Applications in Performance
Sultaal is highly regarded for its application in serious and devotional forms of music:
- Dhrupad & Pakhawaj: It is a cornerstone taal for Dhrupad singing and is traditionally accompanied by the Pakhawaj.
- Instrumental Music: Used for instrumental compositions (gats) and tabla/pakhawaj solos that require a dignified 10-beat framework.
- Vocal Music: Besides Dhrupad, it can be used for some Bada Khayals and other compositions that fit its rhythmic structure.
Conclusion
Sultaal, with its distinct 10-beat structure and strong association with the Dhrupad tradition, is an essential taal for students and performers of Indian classical music. Its powerful yet graceful rhythm allows for profound artistic expression, making it a revered cycle in the world of percussion. While it has 10 beats, its feel is very different from the more common Jhaptaal.
