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Introduction to Chautaal
Chautaal, also known as Chartal, is one of the most revered and ancient taals in Hindustani classical music, primarily associated with the oldest form of vocal music, Dhrupad. This dignified and powerful 12-beat rhythmic cycle is almost exclusively played on the pakhawaj, as its open, resonant bols (syllables) perfectly complement the majestic nature of Dhrupad singing.
Watch a Live Demonstration of Chautaal
The Structure and Characteristics of Chautaal
The 12 matras of Chautaal are divided into six even vibhags (sections) of 2 matras each, giving the taal a very balanced and stately feel. Its structure is defined by four claps (taali) and two waves (khaali).
| Beats (Matra) | 12 |
|---|---|
| Divisions (Vibhag) | 6 (Pattern: 2|2|2|2|2|2) |
| Clap (Taali) | 4 (On the 1st, 5th, 9th, and 11th beats) |
| Wave (Khali) | 2 (On the 3rd and 7th beats) |
| First Beat (Sam) | On the 1st beat, marked with an 'X' |
| Common Tempo (Laya) | Slow (Vilambit) to Medium (Madhya) |
Theka for Chautaal
The theka is the foundational phrase of Chautaal, outlining its rhythm with specific drum strokes (bols) played on the pakhawaj. The standard theka is as follows, presented in three mobile-friendly rows of four beats:
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dha | Dha | Den | Ta |
| X (Sam) | 0 (Khali) | ||
| 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| Kite | Dha | Den | Ta |
| 2(Clap) | 0 (Khali) | ||
| 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| Tite | Kata | Gadi | Ghene |
| 3(Clap) | 4(Clap) | ||
How to Practice Chautaal
To master the dignified rhythm of Chautaal, follow these practice steps:
- Internalize the 2-Beat Pulse: Before playing, practice reciting the bols while clapping on the Taalis and waving on the Khalis. This helps to internalize the steady, even pulse of the six divisions.
- Focus on Open, Resonant Bols: Chautaal is known for its powerful, open sounds ('khule bol'). Whether on pakhawaj or tabla, practice producing deep and resonant strokes.
- Maintain a Stately Tempo: This taal is not meant to be rushed. Practice with a metronome at a slow or medium tempo to maintain its majestic and grand character.
- Listen to Dhrupad Music: Immerse yourself in Dhrupad recordings. Listen to how the pakhawaj player supports the vocalist and maintains the rhythmic foundation. This is the key to understanding its feel.
Applications of Chautaal
Chautaal's grand and structured nature makes it ideal for serious classical forms:
- Dhrupad Sangeet: Chautaal's primary and most profound application is with Dhrupad. Its stately rhythm provides the ideal framework for the detailed alaap and bandish of this ancient vocal style.
- Pakhawaj Accompaniment: It is the principal taal for the pakhawaj, a two-headed barrel drum. The open and resonant strokes (bols) of the pakhawaj are perfectly suited to the gravitas of Chautaal.
- Instrumental Music: Chautaal is also used for instrumental music, particularly on instruments like the Rudra Veena, Surbahar, and Sitar when they are played in the Dhrupad ang (style).
Conclusion
As a cornerstone of Hindustani classical music, Chautaal's 12-beat structure represents a perfect blend of dignity, power, and rhythmic complexity. Its deep association with Dhrupad and the pakhawaj ensures its revered status. Another important 12-beat cycle, often used in Khayal, is Ektaal.